For example, a defect in mitochondrial protein import or respiratory function can amplify cytosolic stress via reactive oxygen species and altered NAD+/ATP balance
Excessive ROS can be neutralized by antioxidant defense mechanisms or enzymes, including SOD, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase [404]
Mitochondria-associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane (MAM) Regulates Steroidogenic Activity via Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR)-Voltage-dependent Anion Channel 2 (VDAC2) Interaction*
Environmental conditions are very rarely optimal, leading to the concept of stress, which impacts plant growth and development
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We introduce four chemicals (PQ, rotenone, 6-OHDA, and MPTP/MPP+) that were applied to create the PD model for their capability to cause PD-like neuron impairments and symptoms (Figure 3)